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<title>National language</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National language</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Nation_language" title="Nation language">Nation language</a>, <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a>, or <a href="Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a>.</div><p><i> </i>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li>

<li><a href="National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li>

<li><a href="National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li>

<li><a href="Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_personification" title="National personification">Persona</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">State</a></li>

<li><a href="National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_national_animals" title="List of national animals">Animal</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li>

<li><a href="Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a>

<ul><li><a href="Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a></li>

<li><a href="National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li>

<li><a href="Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li>

<li><a href="National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li>

<li><a href="Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li>

<li><a href="National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li>

<li><a href="Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li>

<li><a href="Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></li>

<li><a href="Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3APolitics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>A <b>national language</b> is a <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a> (or <a href="Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">language variant</a>, e.g. <a href="Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>) that has some connection—<a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> or <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>—with a <a href="Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. The term is applied quite differently in various contexts. One or more languages spoken as <a href="First_language" title="First language">first languages</a> in the territory of a country may be referred to informally or designated in legislation as national languages of the country. National languages are mentioned in over 150 world constitutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="C.M.B._Brann" class="mw-redirect" title="C.M.B. Brann">C.M.B. Brann</a>, with particular reference to India, suggests that there are "four quite distinctive meanings" for national language in a polity:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li>"Territorial language" (<i>chthonolect</i>, sometimes known as <i>chtonolect</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of a particular people</li>

<li>"<a href="Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a>" (<i>choralect</i>)</li></ul>

<ul><li>"Language-in-common or community language" (<i>demolect</i>) used throughout a country</li>

<li>"Central language" (<i>politolect</i>) used by government and perhaps having a symbolic value.</li></ul>

<p>The last is usually given the title of <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. In some cases (e.g., <a href="#Philippines">the Philippines</a>), several languages are designated as <i>official</i> and a national language is separately designated.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_versus_national_languages">Official versus national languages</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Linguistic prescription</a> and <a href="Linguistic_rights" title="Linguistic rights">Linguistic rights</a></div>

<p>"National language" and "<a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>" are best understood as two concepts or legal categories with ranges of meaning that may coincide, or may be intentionally separate. <a href="Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nations</a> are not in the position to legislate an <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, but their languages may be sufficiently distinct and well-preserved to be national languages. Some languages may be recognized popularly as "national languages", while others may enjoy official recognition in use or promotion.

</p><p>In many African countries, some or all <a href="Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> <a href="African_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="African languages">African languages</a> are officially used, promoted, or expressly allowed to be promoted (usually taught in schools and written in important publications) as semi-official languages whether by long-term legislation or short-term, case-by-case executive (government) measures. To be official, spoken and written languages may enjoy government or federalised use, major tax-funded promotion or at least full tolerance as to their teaching and employers' recognition in <a href="Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, standing on equal footing with the official language(s). Further, they may enjoy recognition as a language used in compulsory schooling and treasury money may be spent to teach or encourage adults in learning a language which is a minority language in a particular area to restore its understanding and spread its moral stories, rhymes, poems, phrases, songs, and other literary heritage which will promote <a href="Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> (where other languages remain) or will promote <a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist differentiation</a> where another, non-indigenous language is deprecated.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_languages">National languages</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_linguistic_rights_in_African_constitutions" title="List of linguistic rights in African constitutions">List of linguistic rights in African constitutions</a> and <a href="List_of_official_languages_by_country_and_territory" title="List of official languages by country and territory">List of official languages by country and territory</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Languages of Bangladesh</a></div>

<p><a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, the sole official language of <a href="Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, is also the <i><a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> and <i><a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> national language of the country. Establishing Bengali as a national language was one of the key reasons for the independence of Bangladesh.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3></div>

<p><a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <i>de jure</i> has three national languages - <a href="Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and <a href="Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> - which are <i>de facto</i> varieties of one language, <a href="Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a>. It is officially defined under the three names, corresponding to the country's <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina">constituent nations</a>. The <a href="Gaj's_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Latin</a> and <a href="Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Cyrillic</a> alphabets both have official and equal status.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3></div>

<p><a href="Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> is the sole official language in <a href="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Bilingualism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism in Canada">Bilingualism in Canada</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div>

<p><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>'s official languages since the <a href="Official_Languages_Act_of_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Official Languages Act of 1969">Official Languages Act of 1969</a> are <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>) and <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> (<a href="Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian French</a>). Depending on one's views of what constitutes a "nation", these two languages may be considered two equal national languages of the nation of Canada, or the national languages of two nations within one state, <a href="English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a> and <a href="French_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canada">French Canada</a>.

</p><p><a href="Quebec_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec nationalists">Quebec nationalists</a> consider <a href="Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec French</a>, the province's official language, the language of the Quebec nation. French is a recognized minority in <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>. <a href="Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian French</a>, the national language of <a href="Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadians</a>, is an official language of <a href="New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> (and recognized minority in <a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> and <a href="Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>). <a href="Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a> dialects differ substantially from other Canadian English ones.

</p><p>English and French are official in <a href="Canadian_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Territories">Canada's three territories</a>; two legislate a variety of Indigenous languages in addition. <a href="Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a> and the <a href="Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> (N.W.T.) have as official languages <a href="Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> and <a href="Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a>, with N.W.T. also have a further seven more (totalling eleven official languages): <a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>, <a href="Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Dënesųłiné</a>, <a href="Gwich%E2%80%99in_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich’in language">Gwich’in</a>, Inuvialuktun, <a href="Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">North and South Slavey</a> and <a href="Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Tłı̨chǫ</a>. As these official languages are legislated at a territorial (sub-federal) level, they can be construed as national languages.

</p><p>Besides these there many <a href="Aboriginal_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal peoples of Canada">Indigenous languages of Canada</a>, which are the national languages of one or more <a href="First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, <a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> or <a href="Metis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metis people (Canada)">Métis</a> peoples; a number of First Nations and Inuit homelands at the Indigenous government level legislate their language as an official language of the Nation, such as the <a href="Nisg%CC%B1a%E2%80%99a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisg̱a’a language">Nisg̱a’a language</a> by <a href="Nisg%CC%B1a%E2%80%99a" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisg̱a’a">Nisg̱a’a</a> and <a href="Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a> by <a href="Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a>. Notably the <a href="Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree language</a> is spoken (with variations) from Alberta to Labrador, <a href="Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Anishinaabemowin</a> is spoken across central Canada, and Inuktitut is spoken across the Arctic, northern Quebec and Labrador.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages of China</a>, <a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, and <a href="History_of_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Mandarin">History of Mandarin</a></div>

<p>There are many languages spoken across <a href="China" title="China">China</a>, with most people speaking one of several <a href="Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>. During successive imperial dynasties, the spoken language of the capital city served as the official spoken language and was used across the country by government officials who traveled to communicate with one another. Dialects used for this purpose in different eras included those of <a href="Xi'an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, <a href="Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, and <a href="Historical_capitals_of_China" title="Historical capitals of China">other historical capital cities</a>.

</p><p>After the <a href="Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> in 1911, the <a href="Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Chinese nationalists) founded the <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. In order to promote a sense of national unity and enhance the efficiency of communications within the nation, the government decided to designate a national language. The <a href="Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing dialect</a> of <a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou dialect</a> of <a href="Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a> were each proposed as the basis for a national language for China. In the beginning, there were attempts to introduce elements from other Chinese varieties into the national language in addition to those from the Beijing dialect; this was reflected in the first official dictionary of the national language, given the name <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">國語</span></span> (<a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">Guóyǔ</i></span>, literally "national language"). But this artificial language had no native speakers and was difficult to learn, so it was abandoned in 1924. Ultimately, the Beijing dialect was chosen as the national language and it continued to be referred to as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">國語</span></span> in Chinese in the Republic of China. Since then, the Beijing dialect has become the main standard for pronunciation, due to its prestigious status during the preceding <a href="Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.

</p><p>Still, elements from other dialects do exist in the standard language, which is now defined as reflecting the pronunciation of Beijing, the grammatical patterns of <a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> dialects spoken in the northern parts of China, and the vocabulary of modern vernacular Chinese literature. The People's Republic of China renamed the national language <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">普通话</span></span> (Pinyin: Pǔtōnghuà, literally "common speech"), without otherwise changing the definition of the standard national language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> language is the official language of Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Croatian language and the Latin script shall be in official use in the Republic of Croatia" in Article 12 of the Croatian Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> language is the national language of the Czech Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages of Ethiopia</a></div>

<p>Amharic was the national language in <a href="Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>. The country is composed of at least 80 different ethnic nationalities. Its people altogether speak over 80 different languages. <a href="Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>, <a href="Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, and <a href="Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a> are the official working languages of Ethiopia. But courts, and legislations work in Amharic and the constitution of the country is written in Amharic in an official capacity. And in day-to-day basis, Amharic is used to issue driving licenses and report tax income, making it not a national language but official language of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Finland" title="Languages of Finland">Languages of Finland</a></div>

<p><a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> has two national languages: the <a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a> and the <a href="Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a>. The <a href="Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a> guarantees the right to use Finnish and Swedish in courts and other state institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the large difference in the numbers of users, Swedish is not officially classified as a minority language but equal to Finnish. Both national languages are compulsory subjects in school (except for children with a third language as mother tongue) and a language test is a prerequisite for governmental offices where a university degree is required. The constitution also grants the Sami and the Roma peoples the right to maintain and develop their languages: The Sami have partial right to use <a href="Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami languages</a> in official situations according to other laws.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div>

<p>India has no national language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and English are the official languages in India, according to Article 343(1) of the <a href="Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Gujarat_High_Court" title="Gujarat High Court">Gujarat High Court</a> has stated that there is no official record or order declaring Hindi as the national language of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Union Government</a> uses Hindi and English as official languages, such as for <a href="Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliamentary</a> proceedings and texts of federal laws. Communications between the Union Government and <a href="State_governments_of_India" title="State governments of India">state governments</a> are in Hindi with Region A and Region B states and in English with Region C states.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State governments use their own native languages in official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may adopt one or more of the 21 languages listed in the <a href="Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a>'s <a href="Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">eighth schedule</a>—<a href="Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="Bodo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodo language">Bodo</a>, <a href="Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>, <a href="Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a>, <a href="Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a>, <a href="Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a>, <a href="Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>, <a href="Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, <a href="Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>. The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> uses English as its sole official language; <a href="High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">high courts</a> in some states use other languages spoken in the state in addition to English.<sup id="cite_ref-noofficial_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noofficial-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IndiaConstitutionBody_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IndiaConstitutionBody-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> uses English in its proceedings and objects to attempts to make Hindi official in legal proceedings. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages of Indonesia</a></div>

<p>The official and national language of Indonesia is <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, a language derived from <a href="Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>. Indonesia has more than 700 living languages, making it the second most linguistically diverse country after neighboring Papua New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-SIL_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIL-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These 700+ languages, however, are without official status, and some are in danger of <a href="List_of_endangered_languages_in_Indonesia" title="List of endangered languages in Indonesia">extinction</a>. The largest local language is <a href="Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages of Ireland</a></div>

<p><a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> is recognised by the <a href="Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> as the national language and first official language of Ireland, with English designated a second official language.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, <a href="Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a> is the primary language spoken in Ireland; <a href="Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government</a> and <a href="Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">parliamentary</a> business is principally carried on in English.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages of Israel</a></div>

<p><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> was identified as the national language of the State of Israel with the adoption of the <a href="Nation-State_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-State Bill">Nation-State Bill</a> in 2018, with <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> recognized as a language with "special status" used in state institutions. One-fifth of the Israeli population (mostly <a href="Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Israeli Arabs</a>) speak Arabic natively; they have the legal right to receive education and other services in Arabic. Arabic is rarely spoken in the <a href="Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, though permissible.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> is the <a href="De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> and <a href="De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> official language of <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> is also referred to as national language for historical and cultural reasons, because since the 15th century, <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> became the language used in the <a href="Court_(royal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court (royal)">courts</a> of nearly every state in <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and in general among educated <a href="Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> (scholars, writers, poets, philosophers, scientists, composers and artists) who contributed to what is nowadays the <a href="Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">culture of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Italian was often an official language of the various Italian states before <a href="Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">unification</a>, slowly replacing Latin, even when ruled by foreign powers (such as the Spaniards in the <a href="Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, or the Austrians in the <a href="Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenya">Kenya</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Kenya" title="Languages of Kenya">Languages of Kenya</a></div>

<p>While English and <a href="Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a> are official languages, Swahili also has a special status as national language. None of the country's biggest languages (<a href="Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</a>, <a href="Luo_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Luo dialect">Luo</a>, <a href="Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a>, <a href="Kalenjin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalenjin language">Kalenjin</a>, etc.) have any explicit legal status on the national level, but the 2010 constitution enjoins the state to "promote and protect the diversity of language of the people of Kenya."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the <a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> is the "official national" language.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> is used for official purposes, while the everyday spoken language is <a href="Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a>. <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> are also widespread in Lebanon.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Luxembourg" title="Languages of Luxembourg">Languages of Luxembourg</a></div>

<p>Luxembourg uses three official languages: <a href="Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a>, French, and German. Previously Luxembourgish had no official status, but following a constitutional revision a law was passed on 24 February 1984 making Luxembourgish the national language. Furthermore, this law recognised the three languages of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish, French and German) as administrative languages.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Languages of Malaysia</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a> is the national language of <a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> in accordance with <a href="Constitution_of_Malaysia#Article_152_–_National_Language_and_Other_Languages" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Article 152(1)</a> of the <a href="Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitution of Malaysia">Federal Constitution of Malaysia</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maldives">Maldives</h3></div>

<p><a href="Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> is the national language of <a href="Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> per the Maldivian constitution.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> is the national language of Malta. It is also the official language of the island, together with <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Maltese only is recognised as "national" in Chapter 1 of the Laws of Malta.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namibia">Namibia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Namibia" title="Languages of Namibia">Languages of Namibia</a></div>

<p>Although English is the only nationwide official language in <a href="Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, there are also 20 <i>national languages</i>, which are each spoken by more or less sizeable portions of the population and are considered Namibia's cultural heritage. All national languages have the rights of a minority language and may even serve as a <i>lingua franca</i> in certain regions. Among Namibia's national languages are <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="Oshiwambo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshiwambo">Oshiwambo</a>, <a href="Herero_language" title="Herero language">Otjiherero</a>, <a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, as well as the languages of the <a href="Himba_language" title="Himba language">Himba</a>, <a href="Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>, <a href="San_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="San (people)">San</a>, <a href="Kavango_people" title="Kavango people">Kavango</a> and <a href="Damara_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Damara (people)">Damara</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages of Nepal</a></div>

<p><a href="Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> is the official language in the federal government of Nepal. Over 123 languages are spoken in Nepal, all of which are granted constitutional status as <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ne">rāṣṭrabhāṣā</i></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">राष्ट्रभाषा</span></span>), officially translated as 'languages of the nation' (the word <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ne">rāṣṭrabhāṣā</i></span> also simply means 'national language').<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the languages include: <a href="Newar_language" title="Newar language">Nepal Bhasa</a>, <a href="Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a>, <a href="Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a>, <a href="Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a>, <a href="Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a>, <a href="Gurung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung">Gurung</a>, <a href="Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a>, <a href="Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, etc.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Netherlands">The Netherlands</h3></div>

<p>Dutch is the official language of The Netherlands. In the province of <a href="Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a>, <a href="West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">Frisian</a> is also spoken and is recognized as the second official language there.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3></div>

<p>While the population of <a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is predominantly <a href="New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English-speaking</a>, the language of the indigenous Polynesian people is the <a href="M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori language</a>. Both these languages have official status in the country, along with <a href="New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>, which is one of the few <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> in the world to have such status.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div>

<p>Besides official English (<a href="Nigerian_Standard_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Standard English">Nigerian Standard English</a>), Nigeria recognizes three 'majority', or national, languages. These are <a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a>, <a href="Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a>, and <a href="Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>, each with some 20 million speakers or more.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div>

<p>Article 251(1) of the <a href="Constitution_of_Pakistan#The_Constitution_of_1973_--_The_Existing_Constitution" title="Constitution of Pakistan">1973 Constitution of Pakistan</a>, titled <i>National language</i>, specifies: "The National language of <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> is <a href="Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>, and arrangements shall be made for its being used for official and other purposes within fifteen years from the commencing day." Although Urdu has been declared an official language, so far all government documents, legislation, legal orders, and other official records are written in <a href="Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>. Most higher education instruction is in English.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="National_Language_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="National Language Authority">National Language Authority</a> is an organization established to make arrangements to promote Urdu since 1979.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages of the Philippines</a></div>

<p><a href="Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> is the national language of the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The current 1987 constitution designated the <a href="Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino language</a>, which is based on Tagalog with the inclusion of terms from all recognized <a href="Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>, as the national language. It also designated both Filipino and English as the official languages for purposes of communication and instruction, and designated the regional languages as auxiliary official languages in the regions to serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.

</p><p>More than 170 <a href="Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages</a> are spoken in the <a href="Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and almost all of them belong to the <a href="Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine subgroup</a> of the <a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family. In September 2012, <a href="La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a> became the first province in Philippine history to pass an ordinance proclaiming a local language. It declared <a href="Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> as an <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. This move aims to protect and revitalize the use of Ilocano in various government and civil affairs within the province.<sup id="cite_ref-launionofficiallanguage_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launionofficiallanguage-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a> is designated as the "national sign language of the Filipino deaf" as well as the official sign language for transactions of the Philippine government.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div>

<p>Article 27 of the Constitution states: "Polish shall be the official language in the Republic of Poland".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3></div>

<p><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is the sole official language of <a href="Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and national language of <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> is the <a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Languages of Russia</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> is the only national language of <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and had federal official status, but 27 other languages are considered official in different <a href="Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects of Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3></div>

<p>The first article of the <a href="Basic_Law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Basic Law of Saudi Arabia">Basic Law of Saudi Arabia</a> states that <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the official language of <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3></div>

<p><a href="Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> is the official and national language of <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages of Singapore</a></div>

<p><a href="Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> has four official languages: <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> (<a href="Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a> variety), <a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a> (<a href="Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean Mandarin</a> variety), <a href="Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. Although English is the primary language of business, government, and education, Malay is designated as the national language. This is due the recognition of ethnic <a href="Malays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Singapore">Malays</a> (approximately 14% of the <a href="Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">population</a>) as the <a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of Singapore.

</p><p>Traditionally, the <i><a href="Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among the different ethnic groups in Singapore was <a href="Malay_trade_and_creole_languages" title="Malay trade and creole languages">Bazaar Malay</a>, a Malay-based <a href="Malay-based_creole_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay-based creole languages">creole</a>. Since independence, the government has been promoting English as the main language of Singapore. The bilingual education policy requires students to study two languages: English and a "mother tongue" corresponding to the student's ethnicity. Malay is only offered to non-Malay students as an optional third language in secondary schools. As a result, English has displaced Bazaar Malay as the common language among Singaporeans. Therefore, despite the status of Malay as the national language, the majority doesn't speak it.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak language</a> is the national language of Slovakia.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovenia">Slovenia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">Languages of Slovenia</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a> is the national language of <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. There are 6 <a href="Languages_of_Slovenia" title="Languages of Slovenia">minority languages</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div>

<p><a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> has 12 <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>, namely <a href="Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a>, <a href="Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">isiNdebele</a>, <a href="Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Sepedi</a>, <a href="Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sesotho</a>, <a href="Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">siSwati</a>, <a href="Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Setswana</a>, <a href="Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Xitsonga</a>, <a href="Venda_language" title="Venda language">Thsivenda</a>, <a href="Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">isiXhosa</a> and <a href="Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">isiZulu</a>, and on July of 2023, <a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African Sign Language</a> was made the twelfth official language of South Africa by constitutional amendment. <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The South African constitution further explicitly supports the promotion of the indigenous <a href="Khoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoi">Khoi</a>, <a href="Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a>, and <a href="Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">San</a> languages; <a href="South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">Sign language</a>; community languages such as <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, <a href="Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <a href="Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>; and languages used for religious purposes such as <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div>

<p><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> has one national constitutional language, <a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> or Castilian, but there are four other languages that are co-official in some territories: <a href="Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician language</a> in <a href="Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="Basque_language#Official_status" title="Basque language">Basque</a> in <a href="Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Euskadi</a> and part of <a href="Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a> in <a href="Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and <a href="Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> (as <a href="Valencian_language#Official_status" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>), and <a href="Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a> in <a href="Val_d'Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div>

<p>The <a href="Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala Language</a> and <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> are the national languages of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Switzerland" title="Languages of Switzerland">Languages of Switzerland</a></div>

<p><a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> has four national languages: <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and <a href="Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all of which have official status at the national level within the <a href="Federal_administration_of_Switzerland" title="Federal administration of Switzerland">Federal administration of Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A majority (60%) of the population speaks German, while most of the remainder (21%) speak French, and minorities speak Italian (10%) and Romansh (7%, not monolingually). German speakers are predominant in most of the country, while French speakers occupy the western parts near the border with France, and the Italian speakers are situated to the south near the border with Italy, mostly within the <a href="Canton_of_Ticino" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Ticino">Canton of Ticino</a>. The Romansh speakers are concentrated in the <a href="Canton_of_Grisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Grisons">Canton of Grisons</a> in the south-east.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3></div>

<p>A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>, <a href="Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>, <a href="Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, <a href="Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> and <a href="Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a>.

</p><p>During <a href="Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> (1895 to 1945), the "national language movement"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">國語運動</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kokugo undō</i></span>)</span> promoted the <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a>. After their defeat in the <a href="Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949, the <a href="Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> regime of the <a href="Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a> retreated to the island of <a href="Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, where they introduced <a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> and <a href="English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, which were spoken by few of the island population at the time, to be the "national language". Today however, the <i>National languages development act</i> recognises languages of all people groups of Taiwan to be national languages.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia">Tunisia</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_Tunisia" title="Languages of Tunisia">Languages of Tunisia</a></div>

<p>The official language of the <a href="Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisian</a> state is <a href="Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-art1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-art1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is not the mother tongue of the population. Therefore, it is not often used to communicate between Tunisian people, instead <a href="Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a> plays these roles and is the national language of Tunisia.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, even without an official status, <a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a> is also known by 63.6% of the population. It is used extensively in its written and spoken form in administration, education, and business environments.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berber minorities in the south-west and on <a href="Djerba_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Djerba Island">Djerba Island</a> also use the Tunisian Chelha language.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages of the United Kingdom</a></div>

<p>The <a href="English_language" title="English language">English language</a> (<a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is the <i>de facto</i> official language of the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and is the sole language of an estimated 95% of the <a href="British_people" title="British people">British</a> population. The three <a href="Home_Nations" title="Home Nations">Home Nations</a> outside England have national languages of their own with varying degrees of recognition, which coexist with the dominant English language. Britain also has several <a href="Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a> which are to some extent self-governing, but are not recognized as independent states. Many of these have their own <a href="Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h4></div>

<p>In <a href="Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, both the <a href="Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">Irish language</a> and the <a href="Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots dialects</a> are recognized by the <a href="Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> as "part of the cultural wealth of the island of Ireland" and are promoted by the <a href="Foras_na_Gaeilge" title="Foras na Gaeilge">Foras na Gaeilge</a> (Irish Institute) and <a href="Tha_Boord_o_Ulst%C3%A8r-Scotch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch">Tha Boord o Ulstèr-Scotch</a> (the Ulster-Scots Agency) respectively.

</p><p><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> was the sole <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> until 2022 when the <a href="Identity_and_Language_(Northern_Ireland)_Act_2022" title="Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022">Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022</a> was passed which gave <a href="Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> official status in Northern Ireland.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4></div>

<p>In Scotland, <a href="Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> is a minority language spoken by 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old).<sup id="cite_ref-2011_Census_of_Scotland_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011_Census_of_Scotland-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="Gaelic_Language_(Scotland)_Act_2005" title="Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005">Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005</a></i> gives the language a limited official status, and the <a href="B%C3%B2rd_na_G%C3%A0idhlig" title="Bòrd na Gàidhlig">Bòrd na Gàidhlig</a> is tasked with "securing the status of the Gaelic language as an <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of <a href="Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> commanding equal respect to the English language".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, generally treated as a <a href="West_Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="West Germanic language">West Germanic language</a> related to but separate from English, has no official status but is recognized as a minority language, and is the language of much <a href="Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a>, including the poetry of <a href="Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4></div>

<p>The <a href="Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> has official status within <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and as of the <a href="United_Kingdom_Census_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2011">2011 census</a>, is spoken by 562,000 people, or 19% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Welsh Language Board (<a href="Bwrdd_yr_Iaith_Gymraeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg">Bwrdd yr Iaith Gymraeg</a>) is legally tasked with ensuring that, "in the conduct of public business and the administration of justice, the English and Welsh languages should be treated on a basis of equality".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crown_Dependencies:_Isle_of_Man">Crown Dependencies: Isle of Man</h4></div>

<p>English is <i>de facto</i> the only official language. However a few words of Manx Gaelic (the historical national language) are sometimes encountered in government institutions, largely for symbolic and ceremonial purposes, and it is the main medium of instruction in one primary school.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_regions">English regions</h4></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cornwall">Cornwall</h5></div>

<p>English is the <i>de facto</i> main language spoken in the county of <a href="Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>. Historically, the main language of Cornwall was <a href="Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>. By 1800, Cornish was endangered with some debate about a mythical <a href="Last_speaker_of_the_Cornish_language" title="Last speaker of the Cornish language">last speaker of the Cornish language</a>. Revival of the Cornish language and some recognition has occurred in the 20th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages of the United States</a></div>

<p>In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, English (<a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) is the national language only in an informal sense, by numbers and by historical and contemporary association. The <a href="United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> does not explicitly declare any <a href="Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, although the constitution is written in English, as is all federal legislation. <a href="Executive_Order_14224" title="Executive Order 14224">Executive Order 14224</a> asserts English as official, but there is no law designating English that way.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, the <a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a> had been the <i>de facto</i> national language for many years, but it was not until Decree No. 5 of the 2013 constitution that the <a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a> was officially described as the National Language.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">Ethnolect</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_policy" title="Language policy">Language policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_language" title="Standard language">Standard language</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_language" title="Official language">Official language</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_language" title="Working language">Working language</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">Bengali language movement</a> in former East Pakistan, now Bangladesh</li>

<li><a href="Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, India</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_language_system" title="Global language system">Global language system</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>20 Year Strategy for the Irish Language</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.plean2028.ie/en/node/14">http://www.plean2028.ie/en/node/14</a></span>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Nationalism62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li>

<li><a href="National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li>

<li><a href="National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="State_religion" title="State religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li>

<li><a href="National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National Animal">Animal</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">Emblem</a></li>

<li><a href="Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li>

<li><a href="National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li>

<li><a href="Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a>

<ul><li><a href="Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate-</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li>

<li><a href="Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li>

<li><a href="Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li>

<li><a href="Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic</a></li>

<li><a href="National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li>

<li><a href="Queer_nationalism" title="Queer nationalism">Queer</a></li>

<li><a href="Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a>

<li><a href="Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li>

<li><a href="Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-</a></li>

<li><a href="DezNat" title="DezNat">Mormon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li>

<li><a href="National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a>

<ul><li><a href="Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">List of fascist movements</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li>

<li><a href="Technological_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological nationalism">Technological</a></li>

<li><a href="Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Terrorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalist_Clubs" title="Nationalist Clubs">Nationalist Clubs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li>

<li><a href="Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Historiography_and_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography and nationalism">Historiography and nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li>

<li><a href="National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li>

<li><a href="National_question" title="National question">National question</a></li>

<li><a href="National_revival" title="National revival">National revival</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_border" title="Natural border">Natural border</a></li>

<li><a href="Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li>

<li>Principle of nationalities</li>

<li><a href="Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li>

<li><a href="State-building" title="State-building">State-building</a></li>

<li><a href="Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnicity399" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnicity399" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic group</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnographic_group" title="Ethnographic group">Ethnographic group</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnonational_group" title="Ethnonational group">Ethnonational group</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">Ethnoreligious group</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnographic_realism" title="Ethnographic realism">Ethnographic realism</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaspora" title="Diaspora">Diaspora</a>

<ul><li><a href="Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a> / <a href="Emigration" title="Emigration">Emigration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hyphenated_ethnicity" title="Hyphenated ethnicity">Hyphenated ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a></li>

<li><a href="In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">In-group and out-groups</a></li>

<li><a href="Meta-ethnicity" title="Meta-ethnicity">Meta-ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Metroethnicity" title="Metroethnicity">Metroethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_group" title="Minority group">Minority group</a>

<ul><li><a href="Minority_influence" title="Minority influence">Influence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monoethnicity" title="Monoethnicity">Monoethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li>

<li><a href="Panethnicity" title="Panethnicity">Panethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Polyethnicity" title="Polyethnicity">Polyethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Population" title="Population">Population</a></li>

<li><a href="Supraethnicity" title="Supraethnicity">Supraethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbolic_ethnicity" title="Symbolic ethnicity">Symbolic ethnicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribe" title="Tribe">Tribe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_studies" title="Ethnic studies">Ethnic studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoarchaeology" title="Ethnoarchaeology">Ethnoarchaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">Ethnoecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocinema" title="Ethnocinema">Ethnocinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnogeology" title="Ethnogeology">Ethnogeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Clinical_ethnography" title="Clinical ethnography">Clinical</a></li>

<li><a href="Critical_ethnography" title="Critical ethnography">Critical</a></li>

<li><a href="Institutional_ethnography" title="Institutional ethnography">Institutional</a></li>

<li><a href="Netnography" title="Netnography">Netnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_ethnography" title="Online ethnography">Online</a></li>

<li><a href="Person-centered_ethnography" title="Person-centered ethnography">Person-centered</a></li>

<li><a href="Salvage_ethnography" title="Salvage ethnography">Salvage</a></li>

<li><a href="Transidioethnography" title="Transidioethnography">Transidioethnography</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_ethnography" title="Video ethnography">Video</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnohistory" title="Ethnohistory">Ethnohistory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">Ethnolinguistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomathematics" title="Ethnomathematics">Ethnomathematics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnostatistics" title="Ethnostatistics">Ethnostatistics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomuseology" title="Ethnomuseology">Ethnomuseology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnophilosophy" title="Ethnophilosophy">Ethnophilosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnopsychopharmacology" title="Ethnopsychopharmacology">Ethnopsychopharmacology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoscience" title="Ethnoscience">Ethnoscience</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnosemiotics" title="Ethnosemiotics">Ethnosemiotics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnotaxonomy" title="Ethnotaxonomy">Ethnotaxonomy</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Groups by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><b>World</b>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_countries_by_ethnic_groups" title="List of countries by ethnic groups">Countries by ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">Africa</a></b></li>

<li><b>Americas</b>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_Greenland#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Greenland">Greenland</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_Mexico#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Caribbean" title="Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Central_America" title="Ethnic groups in Central America">Central America</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in South America">South America</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Ethnic_groups_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_Siberia" title="Indigenous peoples of Siberia">Northern Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_South_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in South Asia">South Asia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></li>

<li><b><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Australia">Australia</a></b>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Australian_Aboriginal_group_names" title="List of Australian Aboriginal group names">Aboriginal groups</a></li>

<li><a href="Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a></li></ul></li>

<li><b><a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europe</a></b></li>

<li><b>Oceania</b>

<ul><li><a href="Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Indigenous</a></li>

<li><a href="Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">European</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and<br> <a href="Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cross-race_effect" title="Cross-race effect">Cross-race effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li>

<li><a href="Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_identity_development" title="Ethnic identity development">Development</a></li>

<li><a href="Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_flag" title="Ethnic flag">Ethnic flag</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_option" title="Ethnic option">Ethnic option</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic origin">Ethnic origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Ethnicity in censuses</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</a></li>

<li><a href="Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a></li>

<li><a href="Legendary_progenitor" title="Legendary progenitor">Legendary progenitor</a></li>

<li><a href="Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">Linguistic homeland</a></li>

<li><a href="Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li>

<li><a href="Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">Mythomoteur</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation-building" title="Nation-building">Nation-building</a></li>

<li><a href="Nation_state" title="Nation state">Nation state</a></li>

<li><a href="National_myth" title="National myth">National myth</a></li>

<li><a href="Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">Origin myth</a></li>

<li><a href="Pantribal_sodality" title="Pantribal sodality">Pantribal sodality</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistext" title="Statistext">Statistext</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribal_name" title="Tribal name">Tribal name</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Detribalization" title="Detribalization">Detribalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="White_ethnic" title="White ethnic">White ethnic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multiethnic society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li>

<li><a href="Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominant_minority" title="Dominant minority">Dominant minority</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_enclave" title="Ethnic enclave">Ethnic enclave</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_interest_group" title="Ethnic interest group">Ethnic interest group</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_majority" title="Ethnic majority">Ethnic majority</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_media" title="Ethnic media">Ethnic media</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_pornography" title="Ethnic pornography">Ethnic pornography</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_theme_park" title="Ethnic theme park">Ethnic theme park</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnoburb" title="Ethnoburb">Ethnoburb</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">Ethnocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic film</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnographic_village" title="Ethnographic village">Ethnographic village</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Middleman_minority" title="Middleman minority">Middleman minority</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">Minority rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_minority" title="Model minority">Model minority</a></li>

<li><a href="Model_minority_myth" title="Model minority myth">Model minority myth</a></li>

<li><a href="Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Ideology and<br><a href="Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">Ethnic bioweapon</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">Ethnic slurs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_stereotype" title="Ethnic stereotype">Ethnic stereotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_ethnic_riots" title="List of ethnic riots">Ethnic riots</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnofuturism" title="Ethnofuturism">Ethnofuturism</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethnosymbolism" title="Ethnosymbolism">Ethnosymbolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li>

<li><a href="Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li>

<li><a href="Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li>

<li><a href="Remigration" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_active_separatist_movements" title="Lists of active separatist movements">Separatist movements</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenocentrism" title="Xenocentrism">Xenocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophilia" title="Xenophilia">Xenophilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Minzu_(anthropology)" title="Minzu (anthropology)">Minzu (anthropology)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319972#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4222219-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/71a10bf6-85bc-49fd-9d50-04291ee94909">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=National_language&oldid=1303409663">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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